Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Business law - Essay Example In case of a valid contract between two parties, both the parties must be a promisor as well as a promisee. This means that both must gain as well as lose something as a result of the transaction made under the terms of the contract. The consideration is what is exchanged between the contracting parties during the transaction. In the case of a contract for providing some services, consideration for the service provider is the receipt of payment whereas for the client, the consideration is the service rendered by the service provider. Hence, while consideration may be different for the contracting parties, it must flow from both sides by parties acting in the capacity of promisee. Consideration for one party may be in the form of cash while it may be in the form of intangible services or a tangible good for another. Nonetheless, the existence of consideration in one form or the other is essential for a valid contract. It is important for consideration to meet certain requirements before it may be considered as valid consideration. Consideration must not be a past action unless it was done in response to a specific request (Whincup 74). English law does not recognize past consideration as valid (Tonapi 2). In other words, a promise to provide some consideration must be made before it is provided or executed. In the present scenario involving Kris and the claim for damages, the provision of complimentary chocolates is not valid consideration because it was not agreed upon between the parties at the time the agreement for providing chocolate for the wedding cake was made. The complimentary chocolate was provided later as a goodwill gesture and was not an expected part of the contract. Secondly, the consideration must move from the promisee. The consideration should move from both sides but the parties must execute it in the capacity of promisee instead of promisor. Mutuality of agreement is an important element of valid

Critically discuss the view that modern states, political power is Essay

Critically discuss the view that modern states, political power is concentrated in an elite group - Essay Example lated to power and political science in order to ascertain the actuality of the statement that whether political power of the modern states does actually remain concentrated in the hands of an elite group or not. The paper would also aim to critically discuss the various aspects related to the mentioned view in order to decipher the actual reality of the made statement or the perceived view and the reasons supporting it. The relevant theories in relation to power which would aid in order to affirm or contend the statement that political power is usually found to be concentrated within an elite group need to be adequately explored. The fundamental theory that needs to be discussed in this regard is the pluralist theory of power. According to this particular theory, power is perceived to be possessed by quite some form of groups present in the society and which are believed to contend with one another. It has been stated in this regard that as no specific group is known to control and rule over the other existing groups so, a ‘plurality’ with regard to the contending interest in relative to the fraction of collective individuals as well as the political parties is viewed to typify the democratic form of societies (Sociology.org, â€Å"A Level Sociology: A Resource-Based Learning Approach†). The other theory that requires to be mentioned with regard to the stated form of groups in the above mentioned ‘theory of power’ is the elite theory. This specific theory entails the notion that the existence of an uncomplicated plurality with regard to the competing groups present in the society is rather replaced by a succession of contending forms of elites. These mentioned forms of elites have been explained to be the group of powerful individuals who are considered to be competent enough to enforce their personal interests and desires on the overall society (Goertzel, â€Å"Theoretical Models in Political Sociology†). The elite theory with regard to the field of

Childhood adolescence and adulthood development

Childhood adolescence and adulthood development What are the major milestones related to physical developments in early and middle childhood? Briefly describe these milestones? There are several milestones connected to physical developments in early as well as middle childhood. Physical developmental change might take place as an outcome of genetically-controlled courses known as maturation, or even as a product of varied environmental factors and learning. However, developmental change most frequently involves an interface between the two. Age-linked development periods and cases in point of defined intervals include: ages 0-1 month (newborn); ages 1 month 1 year (infant); toddler (ages 1-3 years); ages 4-6years (preschooler); ages 6-13 years (school-aged child) and (ages 13-20) adolescent (Kail, 2006). Aging which is also a physical development appears to concurrently occur in two major separate domains throughout all of the adulthood stages which include: primary aging and secondary aging. According to Stoker (2008), primary aging entails the ordinary, innate body progression from early maturity till death; but, secondary aging comprise progression linked with health habits, disease and/or environmental influences. During middle age aging begins to be considered in decline and loss in lieu of maturation and growth (Stoker, 2008). Nonetheless, Stoker states that some neurological and physiological advancement associated with it which never passes till early maturity. For example, reaction blockage in the frontal lobes as synchronized by the limbic system is never entirely developed till young adulthood, as well as (VO2 max) heart and lung power which does never get to optimal heights until the young adult years. Stoker (2008) hints that immune functioning related to B cell and T ce ll also counts young adults aging. In the middle mature age secondary aging starts to have an important effect on the functioning of body neurology and physiology. A case in point is where both behavior and lifestyle choices, like alcoholism and depression, can impact significantly on neurological structure as well as cognitive ability (Stoker, 2008). During later adulthood, it is realized that the deprivation of dendrite redundancy, do correspond to a fall in synaptic plasticity, which in turn starts to effect concrete real-world reaction times. In addition, presbyopia and presbycusis is far-off more superior during the later adult years. According to Stoker (2008) this is partly due to blood flow loss to the areas affected and collective environmental factors, like time of working in very noisy factories, etc The physical developments which come about during adolescence period are brought about through the introduction of gonadotrophic hormones. This hormone is released by the pituitary gland of the endocrine glands, particularly during the onset and the entire duration of puberty (Boyd Bee, 2006). According to Boyd and Bee (2006), the release of hormones such as testosterone in boys and estrogen in girls do cause the manifestation of both principal and secondary sex uniqueness by about the age of adolescent. Indeed during the first few years of puberty, the male and female reproductive organs matures up and are capable of respectively producing sperm in boys and ovum in girls. In the early adolescence stage, young women do begin their menarche (menstrual cycle). Moreover, the cerebral cortex does thicken for the duration of adolescence and by extension some parts of the brain is myelinated; and brings with it supplementary effectiveness in the neural pathways (Boyd Bee, 2006). Physically, there is also a notable heave in both lung and heart size and a decline in the rate of heart beat. In addition, at adolescence the bones situated in the forelimbs mature to nearly adult levels, with maturity startlingly occurring more rapidly in girls than boys. This hand bone maturity gives a timely boost in coordination. On the other hand, boys do outpace girls in development as well as thickening of the muscle during the adolescent ages, resulting into a surge in the strength of boys. What are the major milestones related to cognitive developments in early and middle childhood? How does cognitive changes from early to middle childhood? Physical development in a child attracts corresponding augment in cognitive abilities of the cerebral cortex and by extension neural pathways. It is highly believed that correlation exists between physical development and cognitive development. For instance, a French speaking Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget did trust that the cerebral expansion spurts which occur during adolescence stage of human growth brings with a novel stage of cognitive development which he referred to as the formal operational stage. According to Piaget, during this formal operational stage an adolescent duly begins to grasp both abstract logic and reasoning (Patterson, 2008). Besides, it is during adolescence stage that the aptitude to control memory as well as cognitive activities begins to bear fruits in the areas such as memorization, text learning and even face recognition. Further still, amplifications in working memory competence give the adolescent the capacity to comprehend figurative language, proverb s and metaphors. Whats more, advances in supposed logic permits an adolescent to guess the perceived effect of some actions and even behaviors. According to Patterson (2008), these advances allow for the accomplishment of invented audiences (mainly built from an apparent peer group). In This manner the adolescent has the rare ability to theorize and memorize about other individuals perceptions and by extension impressions of themselves; while, a little child only manages to view situations, circumstances and behaviors from their personal perspective. Patterson (2008) further hints that cognitive developmental advances are also directly connected to both experience and learning. That this applies mainly to higher-level cognitive abilities like abstraction that relies to a considerable degree on formal education. What role does Piagets Cognitive Development Theory and Vygotskys Social Constructivist Approach play in understanding cognitive development in early and middle childhood? Vygotsky was a theorist who posited that children gain knowledge via hands-on experience, just as Jean Piaget promptly suggested. However, as opposed to Jean Piaget, he did argue that prompt as well as responsive involvement by the mature adults once a child is on the periphery of learning a new task might duly assist the child learn new tasks. He called this Social Constructivist Approach which deals with the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). His Social Constructivist Approach helps understand and builds upon the knowledge already children have with the new knowledge that the adults can aid the child to learn (Vygotsky, 1998). A very good example where a parent can assist a child is when the parent â€Å"helps† a child to clap or merely roll its hands till it can clap and roll its hands alone (Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives, 1985). Vygotskys principal focus was on the cultural role in influencing the pattern of the development of the child. Vygotsky claimed that any single function in the cultural development child does appear twice: initially, at the social phase (between people), and later, at the personality stage (inside the child). Vygotsky also posited that cognitive development was a gradual process which saw era of predicament in child growth during which time there is a valuable transformation in the mental functioning of a child (Vygotsky, 1998). On the other hand, Swiss theorist Jean Piaget did pose reliably that a child learns aggressively via the play process. That it has to interact with the environment. He suggested on that regard that the role of mature adult in helping out the child get knowledge was merely to facilitate and if need be provide suitable learning materials to enable the child to interact with the surrounding and at the same time construct. Piaget actually applied Socratic questioning to engage the child to reflect and reproduce on what initially they were doing. He would attempt to get the child to see inconsistencies in their explanations. He further developed developmental stages. Piagets approach is applied in school curriculum sequencing and by extension in the preschool centers of pedagogy. What are the major milestones related to socioemotional development in early and middle childhood? What types of changes occur in peer relationships from early to middle childhood? According to Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009), there exists 3 levels which bare 2 sub-stages each to give details regarding moral development all through an individuals lifetimes: 1) Conventional level-Stage i: interpersonal conformity, mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships; Stage ii: conscience and Social system (known as the Law and Order). 2) Preconventional level-Stage i: punishment and obedience orientation; Stage ii: Instrumental purpose, exchange and individualism and finally the Postconventional level-Stage i: Social contract or utility and individual rights; Stage ii: Universal ethical principles. Stoker writes that these progresses in moral reasoning do overlap, concurrently exist, and further begin and end over a lifetime. Nevertheless, he hints that certain general rules applicable are that children never reason usually over stages (i) or (ii) of level 2, and that nearly all adults reason at stages (i) and (ii) of level 1, the Conventional level. It is t he third stage, the postconventional moral reasoning stage which is in the immeasurable minority including the adult population. However, it constitutes those who believe that there exist a set of moral pronouncements that surpass all other concerns. Peer friendships turn out to be greatly important and quite central to social world of a child in the adolescent years. Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009) writes that adolescents do highly price virtues like loyalty and faithfulness while in peer relationships and even tend to obtain friends with whom they share same beliefs on things like drug use, academic, sex, smoking, achievement, relational status, as well as echelon of social skills. Additionally, peer group conformity climaxes at about the age13 years and apparently fades when an adolescent develops enough self-esteem and consequently begins to build a concrete and substantial idea of self (Stoker Coy (Sunday, October 4, 2009). To recognize Kohlbergs justice and also Eisenbergs empathy Stoker states that the development of emotion as well as moral rationale like role-taking skills, do assist with the control of anger and the evasion of unsociable behavior. In that regard Stoker hints that if an adolescent for instance is able to be taught to see clearly a certain situations from another individuals perspective, then such a person is a lot more likely to evade delinquent behavior. How can families impact the development of young children? Monumentally, families nurture, shape and model children into who they later become. For that matter, good influence can be encouraging whereas bad influence can be motivating. Both types of influences can bare positive and/or negative impact. For instance, a child brought up in an abusive and alcoholic home might grow into a doctor focusing on victims of abuse, or they may perhaps become an abuser or alcoholic themselves. In this case, it can go either way. However, either way it is duly influenced by their family and general background. Besides, if a family have good manner then chances are high the child will emulate and practice it in the future since the child have stages of growth and they grasp ideas swiftly. Without a family, a child never actually knows what is expected of him and/or what to expect from others. Devoid of order and kind, solid discipline, the child might fail to develop self-discipline. As a result, he could become unmotivated, out of control, and crave excit ement. His life may well be another roller-coaster journey. Cadigan (April 25, 2008) writes that the attributes that children obtain directly from parents or other mature family members are fourfold. They include personality, physical and cognitive abilities, behavioral health as well as race and/or ethnicity. She suggests that family is obliged to provide both formal and informal support to the child. The child also grasps and eventually acquires physical and cognitive abilities of family members including the members behavioral health. Since child forms the basis of learning and apparently children generally learn very first, they acquire learn and get the economic status of the member of their family (Cadigan April 25, 2008). The members of a family should therefore practice desired attributes they would like to be depicted in their infants. References: Boyd, D. and Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan development. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Cadigan Karen. (April 25, 2008). Early Childhood Policies from Ecological and Family Impact Perspectives. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. (1985). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Kail, R.E (2006). Children and Their Development. 4 Ed. Prentice Hall. Retrieved May 23, 2010. Patterson C (2008). Child Development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stoker Coy. (Sunday, October 4, 2009). Adolescence and Adulthood Developmental Stages Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). Child psychology. The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 5. Problems of the theory and history of psychology. New York: Plenum.

DBQ on Western Front Essay -- essays research papers

DBQ: Settlement of the Western Frontier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the years between 1840 and 1890, the land west of the Mississippi River experienced a wild and sporadic growth. The natural environment contributed greatly to this growth spurt and helped shape the development of the trans-Mississippi west. The natural environment dictated and facilitated the development of the west by way of determining who settled where, how the people survived, why people wanted to settle, and whether they were successful or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Americans packed few belongings and headed west during the middle to the late nineteenth century. It was during this time period that the idea of manifest destiny became rooted in American customs and ideals. Manifest Destiny is the idea that supported and justified expansionist policies, it declared that expansion was both necessary and right. America’s expansionist attitudes were prominent during the debate over the territorial rights of the Oregon territory. America wanted to claim the Oregon territory as its own, but Great Britain would not allow that. Eventually the two nations came to an agreement and a compromise was reached, as seen in document B. The first major party of settlers that traveled to the west settled in Oregon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To many families the prospect of owning land was the central driving force that brought them to the land known today as the wild Wild West. Much propaganda wa...

Explain religious teaching about what it means to be a human Essay

– Human has a embodied spirit who thinks, act, speaks and desires. Religious teachings say that humans are created in the image of god. They are different from animals because humans have the ability to love, be moral and have free will. Humans life is a gift from god. We must value life. God created us as intelligent beings with the ability to control our actions, urges and emotions. Christian teaches that free will is given by God. By free will, we shape our own lives. Bible says Humans are creation of God. God desired humans to exist. God gave us the ability to reason, speak and to live a moral life. Humans are mixture of earth and divine breath. Bible teaches that we are the incarnation of the divine and part of us is drawn from the earth. Everything created by god is perfect and it was intended. Of all the creatures in God’s creation, Humans are the only ones who enter into a dialouge with God which is by prayer. Most christians believe that humans are distinct from the animal word, and that the most important differences between animals and humans have is soul – a divine spark that sets them apart from other living things. This asserts that Christians do not treat animals as their equals, as only humans were made in the image of God. Christians believe in the sanctity of life, that there is something special and holy about life. Christians believe that humans have a soul which lives on after the body has died, this soul will then be judged and then can join God in heaven. God gave humans dominion over the non-human life, E.g. in Genesis ‘Let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air’ suggesting human life has a higher value than non-human life, this shows God has given humans a big responsibility to life which exempliflies the value. God made man ‘in his image’ many christians believe that God gave them the brains and the abilities to find cures for humans by experimenting on animals and not to use these abilities would be denying God’s plan for them. Some christians say that this gives them the right to use animals in  experiments because humans are of more value. As well in Genesis God said to Adam ‘Rule Over’ all living creatures suggesting animal testing is acceptable. However, Some christians may be very much against this, as when God created the world, he saw that all that was in ‘was good’. Some say this means we should not experiment on animals because they are wonderful part of God’s creation. ‘The earth is the Lord’s and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it. Human lives are special because it is a gift from God. Human lives distinct from any other creatures and are in higher positions. Humans have sanctity which relates to their dignity, which has both natural dimension, in terms of rational thought and moral decision-making powers. â€Å"Human beings have complete control over their own life and destiny.† (15 marks) How far might a religious believer agree with this statement? Everyone has a purpose of being in this universe because we all have a special position that is created by God. Humans make their own choices and lead on their life. But, God is always there to show people the right path. Only God has control over peoples lives. He decides when we die and when we born. Everything is in God’s hand as religious believer will say God created the world. God’s choices are always right. He is capable of carrying out any project to a successful conclusion without the possibility of fault or failure. Nothing in His universe happens by chance or accident. For every effect there is a cause. God is in control. We have freedom to choose within the constraints of who we are and the circumstances we find ourselves in. Yet while God controls those circumstances but does not control us. While God is able to control us, and if he wanted to he could override our freedom, he chooses not to. The concept of the control of God over everything is called the â€Å"sovereignty† of God. Nothing gives us strength and confidence like an understanding of the sovereignty of God in our lives. God’s sovereignty is defined as His complete and total independent control over every creature, event, and circumstance at every moment in history. Subject to none, influenced by  none, absolutely independent, God does what He pleases. God is in complete control of every molecule in the universe at every moment, and everything that happens is either caused or allowed by Him for His own perfect purposes. Religious believer might say that God is directing your steps down to the smallest details. He can make things happen that you could never make happen on your own. He is for you, on your side, and what He has purposed for your life will come to pass.

Mean Creek- Important Idea

Explain an important idea in a text you have studied. Explain why you found it interesting. Discuss visual and verbal techniques in your answer. In the film Mean Creek directed by Jacob Aaron Estes, the important idea of loss of innocence is very interesting as it tells the story and shows us how quickly things can change. The director shows us this through the way the characters change during the burial of George, the word â€Å"snap† written in a tree and the guilt felt by Millie and Sam. Firstly I found the important idea of loss of innocence interesting during the burial of George as this is when they lose their innocence.When they decide to bury Georges body the character all lose what innocence they had left. This is shown as everyone help besides Millie who doesn’t want to have a part in it. At this moment the director uses a combination of dark lighting and close up shots of Millie’s partially hidden face in the shadows of the trees to show how dark and l ost Millie has become since the death of George. She is hiding from the truth and wants to act like nothing is going to change. The director also uses a slow sad chelo during this scene as lament like, it is a metaphor for the death of Millie’s and everyone else’s innocence.Millie is already starting to feel guilty as she earlier in the film stated â€Å"go ahead Clyde start the game†. This shows she does not feel innocent at all but does not want to admit it. When Millie is by herself instead of helping with the burial a foley effect is used as she stabs a snail followed by sudden silence. This was Millie’s was to let at all her frustration and anger on the events that have occurred and her own actions which contributed in Georges death. This scene helps makes the important idea interesting as it is the moment when they all lose their innocence.Secondly I found the important idea interesting through the way Millie carved the word â€Å"snap† into a tree. At the start of the film when Millie and Sam are innocently talking about what George did to Sam, Millie says â€Å"If you could snap your fingers and he would drop dead in his tracks would you? A wide shot is used to show George sitting down by himself, this shows how lonely he is and makes us actually feel sympathy towards him. This is followed by silence which shows how Sam doesn’t want to hurt George. This emphasises the innocence of Sam as he did not wish to do anything which could result in the death of George.This Quote foreshadows the death of George. As a viewer tension builds u as we wait the events that link to the death. After the death of George, Millie engraves the word â€Å"Snap† into a tree. This is significant as it shows how life can change as fast as the snap of the fingers. A foley effect is used on the scratching of the knife on the tree to show Millie’s anger and how she feels they have not only turned flipped there life upside do wn but they took a life and destroyed Georges relatives lives. The foley effect turns your attention the Millie as the viewer anticipates what she is writing . e now see how just 24 hours before they were all living a normal happy life but now they are emotionally distort and stumped for a conclusion of what to do. The word snap makes the important idea of loss of innocence interesting as it shows how fast they have totally lost their innocence. Lastly loss of innocence is seen as interesting as Millie and Sam come out and talk about what has happened. When Sam goes to Millie’s room we notice a great change in her personality and feelings. Millie is no longer a bright happy person as we now see her as a frightened little girl.The director uses dark lighting and a wide shot to shows as Millie steering into the mirror. When Millie is steering into the mirror it is silent as she looks frustrated and confused as if she thinks her appearance should have change but everything looks the same as if nothing has happened. When Sam talks to Millie a combination of dark lighting and close up shots of Millie’s half hidden face in the darkness of her bedroom show us how miserable she looks as she is hiding from the truth and is in denial of the fact that their life has changed. What do you want†, â€Å"I was just there† shows us how Millie does not want to accept the truth as well as the consequences of her actions but knows she can not live with all the guilt. Millie was trying to act like she feels innocent but the remorseful ton in her voice suggests otherwise. Sam and Millie know they are not innocent as the guilt inside them grows and makes them wonder if keeping George’s death a secret is the best thing to do. When we become doctors and lawyers and all that what do you think it will be like? † The director follows this question with silence to show how they both think telling the truth and accepting the consequences will be best . This makes us feel sorry for them and it is as if some of their innocence has come back to them as we are reminded of the fact that they are still children when they talk about their future and that they have â€Å"come to a decision† of telling the truth which is what they wanted in the first place.In conclusion I found the important idea of loss of innocence very interesting as the director takes as on a roller-coaster of feelings as kids make the biggest decision of their lives. With the burial of George, the word â€Å"Snap† and the guilt felt by Sam and Millie the children’s innocence is lost but they regain some as they come to the correct conclusion. The interesting idea of loss of innocence shows us how fast some of the most innocent people feel guilty and how people can unintentionally lose their innocence in a matter of minutes.

the vietinnocent essays

the vietinnocent essays Imagine yourself in a newly strange, unfamiliar tropical jungle environment. The catch is, your purpose is not to take eye-catching photographs for National Geographic magazine. Instead, you are assigned to kill people of a foreign land you have never seen before, because your government tells you it is the patriotic, honorable duty you owe your country. Everything is all right in the beginning. You arrive in Vietnam, familiarize yourself with your platoon, acquaintances and close friends alike. The worst things so far are the irritating, annoying insects that buzz around you in the midst of the tropical heat while wearing a hot, uncomfortable marine uniform, while carrying a heavy backpack and a semi-automatic weapon, and fatigue from hiking and digging numerous trenches. Until one night in the jungle, someone you are perhaps close with is blown to pieces before your eyes. Its possible the only thing left of them is sadly their lower half. It is the first time you have witness ed another human being violently, grotesquely mutilated to unexpected death in only a matter of a second. Emotions are raging through you: fear, anger, shock, frustration, paranoia, sadness, and maybe after seeing this numerous times, you might actually, but sickly enough begin to laugh. Not at all the death that is around you, but realizing that the fighting never seems to end and that this is the life to which you must be accustomed. You can not tell apart the Viet-Kong from regular civilians, since they can be anyone-even women and children. You are unable to communicate with anyone in this land because they do not speak your language and you do not speak theirs. You do not know exactly what intentions any random person of this foreign land may have; you only know you are there to carry out one specific task-kill the Viet-Kong. This is difficult when they are indistinguishable from regular civilians. Now imagine experiencing this every day for a year, o...

Free Essays on Performance Report

PREFACE Chart a course for every endeavor that we take the people’s money for, see how well we are progressing, tell the public how we are doing, stop the things that don’t work, and never stop improving the things that we think are worth investing in.† President William J. Clinton, on signing the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 Today when we talk about customer satisfaction and quality, we talk not only about the quality of products and services that totally satisfy customer needs and expectations in every respect on a continuous basis but we also talk about the quality of processes, information, people, systems and objectives. In short, quality is all encompassing is the way of life. The greatest realization in the pursuit of quality is that all this can happen only if people have a shared vision for the company and are totally committed to giving their best. For people to cause change in technology and systems they need to demonstrate behavior, which fosters teamwork based on the values of self-discipline, patience, openness, respect and trust. Till recently, performance appraisal was seen as a prerogative of the manager, who used to write a report about his subordinates. In fact, even today performance appraisal is known as a â€Å"Confidential report† in government parlance. Times are changing. With the advent of liberalization, employees have much more employment opportunities and hence can be no more treated as commodities. Employees have a right to know how they are performing. They also have a right to conduct self-appraisal and discuss the same with their superiors. Performance management and appraisal is no more linked only to wage and salary revisions, or promotions, but concentrated more on identifying needs for employment development. This project was taken up specifically to stress the need of planning, developing and implementing a performance management and appraisal system, wh... Free Essays on Performance Report Free Essays on Performance Report PREFACE Chart a course for every endeavor that we take the people’s money for, see how well we are progressing, tell the public how we are doing, stop the things that don’t work, and never stop improving the things that we think are worth investing in.† President William J. Clinton, on signing the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 Today when we talk about customer satisfaction and quality, we talk not only about the quality of products and services that totally satisfy customer needs and expectations in every respect on a continuous basis but we also talk about the quality of processes, information, people, systems and objectives. In short, quality is all encompassing is the way of life. The greatest realization in the pursuit of quality is that all this can happen only if people have a shared vision for the company and are totally committed to giving their best. For people to cause change in technology and systems they need to demonstrate behavior, which fosters teamwork based on the values of self-discipline, patience, openness, respect and trust. Till recently, performance appraisal was seen as a prerogative of the manager, who used to write a report about his subordinates. In fact, even today performance appraisal is known as a â€Å"Confidential report† in government parlance. Times are changing. With the advent of liberalization, employees have much more employment opportunities and hence can be no more treated as commodities. Employees have a right to know how they are performing. They also have a right to conduct self-appraisal and discuss the same with their superiors. Performance management and appraisal is no more linked only to wage and salary revisions, or promotions, but concentrated more on identifying needs for employment development. This project was taken up specifically to stress the need of planning, developing and implementing a performance management and appraisal system, wh...

Discuss The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern

Discuss 'The Night Circus' by Erin Morgenstern he Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern is a debut novel that transports readers into a fantastical world in another time. Use these book club discussion questions on The Night Circus to lead your reading group into the intricacies of Morgensterns novel. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern. Finish the book before reading on. The Night Circus is not written in a linear timeline. Did you find the structure of the book disorienting? Do you think it was effective in mirroring the nature of the circus or did it just annoy you?Between the chapters that tell the story of The Night Circus are descriptions of the circus itself, written as if you are visiting it right now. What do these chapters add to the story?What was your favorite part of the circus? Which character would you most want to meet? Which tent would you most want to visit? Which food sounded most appealing?Why are Frederick Thiessen and the reverse important to the story? Why do you think some people were so entranced by the circus that they devoted themselves to following it around?Did you feel sorry for those who were being used in the game Isobel, the Burgess sisters, even Celia and Marco? Why do you think some people, like Mr. Barris, dont mind being trapped by the circus while it drives others, like Tara Burgess, mad?Why do you think Bailey was willing to give his life to the circus? Discuss themes of good and evil and free will verses being bound.What did you think of Marco and Celias relationship? Why did they fall in love?Why does the man in the gray suit feel so passionate about stories? What sort of commentary do you think the chapter Stories is the novel? On life?Rate The Night Circus 1 to 5.

Islam in the modern world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Islam in the modern world - Essay Example It is a distressing reality that people consider themselves superior to others in terms of economic conditions, financial resources, color, caste, creed and even gender. Racism has been divided into scientific racism that involves genetics as well in terms of defining black, white, brown and yellow people. Some authors believe it comes from scientific reasons and theories. However there is a class of believers who justify that racism arises from the ideologies of global capitalism which gives rise to the unequal social relations. However the truth is that racism does not exist in a single form but a combination of all types. It involves culture, traditions, language, people, history, class, politics, ideology, religion, gender and even economical conditions (Berg & Wendt, 2011) European Racism Over the past two hundred years, racism has taken many forms in Europe such as Anti-black racism, colonial racism and Anti-Semitic racism. One of the greatest examples of European Racism was th e series of Crusades which were an attempt against the Muslims in terms of religious differences. Their main purpose was the restoration of Christianity and they were a longitudinal series of violent wars that began hundreds of years ago. At the time when the first Crusade took place Palestine had been ruled by Muslims for over four hundred years. The primary cause of this series of Wars was the Muslim invasion of France as well as the decline of the Byzantine Empire by the Muslims of Turkey. The second crusade was then called after a long silence by both participants where many lives were lost in the barbarous attempts to let each other down. Nothing could have stopped them and the brutality continued to another series of dozens of more to be seen in the next few hundred years to come. Of course it raised the spirits of hatred between both parties for their generations to come and both had been blaming each other for the loss of their territories and people. It was something that w as imitated by the Europeans for the hatred that they felt for the Muslims for being their rulers for thousands of years. This was their last resort to get their power from Muslims. Another notable series of racial highlights was the colonial times where Europe had many colonies by the beginning of the First World War. These constituted of dozens of British French, Dutch and German colonies at that time. The consequences of colonialism were negative in nature, and still have an impact on the world as a whole. The seeds of racism sown by the Europeans have played a major role in making this world a more unfair place to live with unequal rights and discrimination in the name of race, religion, caste, color and history. Where some nations consider themselves superior in all ways, other nations and individuals are treated as second class citizens inferior to them with lesser rights to live a respectable life. The times of colonialism began by spreading diseases all over the world never to be cured and many people died because of these. It also led to people having unequal distribution of resources and strained social relations in terms of relations with other nations as well as individuals and even other religions along with people of a different color. This colonial period also gave way to slavery, as the territories that were conquered, the suppressed people belonging there were made slaves and

Critique Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique Paper - Essay Example The problem here is that this erosion of faith, according to the article, implies a general erosion in the notion of faith as something that binds people together with the rest of society. Implicitly the article says that without a basic faith in humanity what will happen to society? This is an insider’s look at what the writer sees as a disaster in the making. By insider is meant someone who is looking at life from the point of view of someone who has faith and who knows it to be fundamentally good thing, something very important that young people are missing out on, and consequently can lead society towards dark and sad paths: e.g. religious intolerance, hatred and distrust of others, the breakdown of social structures that all depend on people having faith in the basic goodness of social institutions and of others. The problem is that young people who do not have this insider’s view of the goodness of faith naturally will not trust one who is, because as the article notes, young people distrust religious organizations, and maybe even all kinds of religious talk too. There is thus something that operates like a deep chasm between the insider who sees faith as a good thing and a random young person who sees faith, organized religion, talk of god, and any language that hints at religion and spirituality as things to be discarded and thrown out (Sonenshine). On the other hand, the picture is not all completely bleak and hopeless. Looking at the stats for instance, while a large portion of young people distrust religion, a greater majority are still within the bounds of religion, and are insiders who have that basic trust in the religions they are in. About 70 percent are affiliated. Focusing on the bright side, moreover, there are many stories that highlight an advance in the consciousness of young people, towards inclusion and towards a greater faith not just in their own religion but in the religion

Team work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team work - Essay Example I feel, as a member of my team, that I have been very fundamentally contributing to this team in various ways that have made the team to make the milestones that they have so far, until now, the team is able to reap success in its hard work through commitment. My contribution has been to arrange when to meet every time and also to look for the venue for meeting as a team. I have also been involved in raising thought provoking questions that have been in line with our project, that have enabled our group members to always involve in brainstorming for us to get solutions to the problems that we had to handle from time to time. I can also remember that, when we first came together as a group, it was my initiative to lead the group into carrying out a formal introduction of all the group members. We only came together as team of members, who hardly knew each other well, and this could have been an impediment to our success since, it is hard to work together with people you do not talk wi th. To make everyone feel free and contribute their efforts o the group, I thought there was a need for a session to know each other before we could begin our project. One thing I have to commend my team about is the way in which the tem was organized. We had everyone assigned its duty on every occasion that we met. For instance, we had a team leader whose responsibility was to assign duties to every team member. The team leader could ensure that every team member had a responsibility that would contribute to the team’s success. This was very important in increasing the team’s effectiveness in carrying out the project since every member was involved in contributing to the team’s success. Most of the time, I had the responsibility as the team’s organizing secretary and my duties were to organize and schedule events and fix venues for our team, in conjunction with the other team members. Such kinds of responsibilities were very

Using Italic and Abbreviations in Writing Process Essay

Using Italic and Abbreviations in Writing Process - Essay Example Italics can be used in writing when foreign words are discussed in a sentence (Kirszner & Mandell, 2009). Example when using Latin words that are acceptable in writing the italics is applied. Italics also can be used for foreign words or phrases that are not considered fully part of the English language. Also, the use of italics can be when citing English words in writing. Instead of using single quotes you can use italics when citing English words that are being talked about in writing. The italics can also be used to italicize the names of vehicles. Italicize the names of ships, airplanes missiles, and man-made satellites. Italics also can be used when writing the name of the case in legal cases (Foster, 2010). Italics are used in the practice test in the tips section to improve your knowledge of when to italicize text. Titles of full-length books are to be italicized. Even if they are not books as long as they are longer than of a short few types pages these pieces get italicized. Titles of anthologies of pieces such as songs, poems, short stories, and short plays/essays should be italicized. Title of movie and television shows can be italicized in the writing process; individual scenes are to be enclosed in quotes. Another writing process written by Kirszner & Mandell is an abbreviation which is writing of short forms of names. The proper use of abbreviations can help the writer to put clear what is contained in the text. Also, if these abbreviations are used in excess they can bring about confusion. According to the MLA publication manual, it provides some of the effective suggestions concerning the use of abbreviations in writing. These suggestions include the general use of using the abbreviations that are; any expression that will be written in abbreviation form should be in full the first time it is used followed by the abbreviation in the parentheses and abbreviated thereafter.

Philosophy and the Self Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy and the Self - Assignment Example Most people are confronted with hard decisions such as: what person is best to get married to? Should he relocate to another state (i.e. Illinois)? Should he buy a car or a penthouse? Do they intend to have kids? These hard decisions are usually termed as life changing decisions that shape someone’s destiny. Matters such as politics, religion, best ways to ensure human and civil rights are upheld, good procedures to ensure the nation’s security, procedures to realization of an equitable, just and free society are usually disagreeable by reasonable minds. Other critical issues that reasonable minds can disagree revolve around on if it is best to legalize early term abortion or legalize same-sex marriages. The scope of this paper will explore the issue of religion freedom based on beliefs, values and the theories of freedom that justify or contrast the varying perceptions of religious freedom (Scheinin, 2000). An important allegory of a person who made a life changing decision in the bible is Abraham. Trust was a key requirement that Abraham was supposed to have first. God needed him to follow God, be a loyal servant and in turn he would bless him and all his descendants. Also, his descendants would be as many as a million stars in the sky. Furthermore, Abraham was already old and had no kids. Abraham decision to truly and completely trust God with his heart was one such hard decision that transformed his life. God in turn fulfilled His promising by blessing Abraham and all of his descendants. Furthermore, He gave him a son at that old age which is impossible. The trust in God portrayed by Abraham is hard to find in the current society. Alternatively if there is, it may not be a full conviction from ones’ heart. Moreover, people sometimes question if God truly exists. Reasonable minds can argue such a case by various theorists such as the creation theory and

Does 'free trade' advance or retard development in poor countries Essay

Does 'free trade' advance or retard development in poor countries - Essay Example The following paper evaluates the effectiveness of the free trade policies as far as the betterment of the poor nations is concerned. It analyses the arguments in favor and against of free trade with references of the development of the developing nations or the poor trading partner in the equation. Free trade has become one of the debated topics around the economic world. The terminologies of globalization, free trade, liberalization, socialization are also discussed in this paradigm. Before the actual argument can be established, it is imperative to understand the different terms and concepts that can have an impact on the argument itself. As the name suggests, globalisation refers to strengthening relationship between organisations, governments and individuals across geographical horizons. The term is generally used to regard economic globalisation. Economic globalisation can be explained as: increasing economic activities across the globe, through distribution of products or services by reducing international trade barriers. International trade barriers are placed by countries for various reasons. Some strong reasons could be to stipulate the use of local products, not compromising taxes, fear of rise in un-employments, pressure in maintaining budgets and dilution of long held customs and culture. Trade barriers can be tariff, import quotas, exchange rates, conflicting cultures and export fees etc. A dramatic increase in the process has been witnessed in the last decade. Technology has reduced the communication gaps between geographies. Travelling across national borders has been made easier and as a result doing business internationally has lesser complications in the modern age. The introduction and implementation of International Accounting Standards (IAS’s) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS’s) has made comparisons between organisations appropriate. Comparable and understandable flow of

Philosophy and the Self Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy and the Self - Assignment Example Most people are confronted with hard decisions such as: what person is best to get married to? Should he relocate to another state (i.e. Illinois)? Should he buy a car or a penthouse? Do they intend to have kids? These hard decisions are usually termed as life changing decisions that shape someone’s destiny. Matters such as politics, religion, best ways to ensure human and civil rights are upheld, good procedures to ensure the nation’s security, procedures to realization of an equitable, just and free society are usually disagreeable by reasonable minds. Other critical issues that reasonable minds can disagree revolve around on if it is best to legalize early term abortion or legalize same-sex marriages. The scope of this paper will explore the issue of religion freedom based on beliefs, values and the theories of freedom that justify or contrast the varying perceptions of religious freedom (Scheinin, 2000). An important allegory of a person who made a life changing decision in the bible is Abraham. Trust was a key requirement that Abraham was supposed to have first. God needed him to follow God, be a loyal servant and in turn he would bless him and all his descendants. Also, his descendants would be as many as a million stars in the sky. Furthermore, Abraham was already old and had no kids. Abraham decision to truly and completely trust God with his heart was one such hard decision that transformed his life. God in turn fulfilled His promising by blessing Abraham and all of his descendants. Furthermore, He gave him a son at that old age which is impossible. The trust in God portrayed by Abraham is hard to find in the current society. Alternatively if there is, it may not be a full conviction from ones’ heart. Moreover, people sometimes question if God truly exists. Reasonable minds can argue such a case by various theorists such as the creation theory and

Asthma and Common Type Essay Example for Free

Asthma and Common Type Essay I’m going to be discussing how one in 15 people has asthma, a chronic condition whose symptoms are attack of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. There’s no cure for asthma, but most people can control the condition. As far as I remember, Asthma has been around my family for years. I have a lot of family members who suffer this, so I can relate to it. I will be focusing on what it is, warning signs, symptoms cause and the treatment that are used. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway in which many cells and cellular lements play a role. The inflammation causes these symptoms of the breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and cough. Asthma is a condition in the airways of your lungs. it tighten your muscles surrounding your airways and there is swelling plus irritation in in the airways. This is what cause inflammation. What can trigger asthma could be your allergies, infections, tobacco smoke, weather; changes in temperature and even strong odor or fumes that come from your house. It is very important that you treat your asthma, If untreated you will have a asthma attack or may cause long term loss of lung function. That is not good. An attack is a sudden worsening of the symptoms. With an asthma attack, your airways tighten, swell up or fill with mucus. Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms of an asthma attack. You may not have all these symptoms or you may have different symptoms at different times. Your symptoms may also vary from one asthma attack to the next, being ild during one attacks and severe during another. It is important to remember that there is no cure for asthma, but it can be controlled. There many medication that help people with asthma. One main treatment to lessening the effects of asthma is use of inhalers. They are hand-held devices enable people with asthma to deliver medicine directly to their lungs anyplace, anytime, which helps opens up the airways in our lungs. This is the most common type of treatment that is used.

Maxima And Minima Of Functions Mathematics Essay

Maxima And Minima Of Functions Mathematics Essay Maxima and Minima are important topics of maths Calculus. It is the approach for finding maximum or minimum value of any function or any event. It is practically very helpful as it helps in solving the complex problems of science and commerce. It can be with one variable of with more than one variable. These can be done with the help of simple geometry and math functions. Finding the maxima and minima, both absolute and relative, of various functions represents an important class of problems solvable by use of differential calculus. The theory behind finding maximum and minimum values of a function is based on the fact that the derivative of a function is equal to the slope of the tangent. Analytical definition A real-valued function f defined on a real line is said to have a local (or relative) maximum point at the point xà ¢Ã‹â€ -, if there exists some ÃŽÂ µ > 0 such that f(xà ¢Ã‹â€ -) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ f(x) when |x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ xà ¢Ã‹â€ -| Restricted domains: There may be maxima and minima for a function whose domain does not include all real numbers. A real-valued function, whose domain is any set, can have a global maximum and minimum. There may also be local maxima and local minima points, but only at points of the domain set where the concept of neighbourhood is defined. A neighbourhood plays the role of the set of x such that |x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ xà ¢Ã‹â€ -| A continuous (real-valued) function on a compact set always takes maximum and minimum values on that set. An important example is a function whose domain is a closed (and bounded) interval of real numbers (see the graph above). The neighbourhood requirement precludes a local maximum or minimum at an endpoint of an interval. However, an endpoint may still be a global maximum or minimum. Thus it is not always true, for finite domains, that a global maximum (minimum) must also be a local maximum (minimum). Finding Functional Maxima And Minima Finding global maxima and minima is the goal of optimization. If a function is continuous on a closed interval, then by the extreme value theorem global maxima and minima exist. Furthermore, a global maximum (or minimum) either must be a local maximum (or minimum) in the interior of the domain, or must lie on the boundary of the domain. So a method of finding a global maximum (or minimum) is to look at all the local maxima (or minima) in the interior, and also look at the maxima (or minima) of the points on the boundary; and take the biggest (or smallest) one. Local extrema can be found by Fermats theorem, which states that they must occur at critical points. One can distinguish whether a critical point is a local maximum or local minimum by using the first derivative test or second derivative test. For any function that is defined piecewise, one finds maxima (or minima) by finding the maximum (or minimum) of each piece separately; and then seeing which one is biggest (or smallest). Examples The function x2 has a unique global minimum at x = 0. The function x3 has no global minima or maxima. Although the first derivative (32) is 0 at x = 0, this is an inflection point. The function x-x has a unique global maximum over the positive real numbers at x = 1/e. The function x3/3 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x has first derivative x2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 and second derivative 2x. Setting the first derivative to 0 and solving for x gives stationary points at à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 and +1. From the sign of the second derivative we can see that à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 is a local maximum and +1 is a local minimum. Note that this function has no global maximum or minimum. The function |x| has a global minimum at x = 0 that cannot be found by taking derivatives, because the derivative does not exist at x = 0. The function cos(x) has infinitely many global maxima at 0,  ±2à Ã¢â€š ¬,  ±4à Ã¢â€š ¬, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, and infinitely many global minima at  ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬,  ±3à Ã¢â€š ¬, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The function 2 cos(x) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x has infinitely many local maxima and minima, but no global maximum or minimum. The function cos(3à Ã¢â€š ¬x)/x with 0.1  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ã‚  x  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ã‚  1.1 has a global maximum at x  = 0.1 (a boundary), a global minimum near x  = 0.3, a local maximum near x  = 0.6, and a local minimum near x  = 1.0. (See figure at top of page.) The function x3 + 32 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2x + 1 defined over the closed interval (segment) [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4,2] has two extrema: one local maximum at x = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡15à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3, one local minimum at x = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1+à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡15à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3, a global maximum at x = 2 and a global minimum at x = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4. Functions of more than one variable  ­For functions of more than one variable, similar conditions apply. For example, in the (enlargeable) figure at the right, the necessary conditions for a local maximum are similar to those of a function with only one variable. The first partial derivatives as to z (the variable to be maximized) are zero at the maximum (the glowing dot on top in the figure). The second partial derivatives are negative. These are only necessary, not sufficient, conditions for a local maximum because of the possibility of a saddle point. For use of these conditions to solve for a maximum, the function z must also be differentiable throughout. The second partial derivative test can help classify the point as a relative maximum or relative minimum. In contrast, there are substantial differences between functions of one variable and functions of more than one variable in the identification of global extrema. For example, if a differentiable function f defined on the real line has a single critical point, which is a local minimum, then it is also a global minimum (use the intermediate value theorem and Rolles Theorem to prove this by reduction ad absurdum). In two and more dimensions, this argument fails, as the function shows. Its only critical point is at (0,0), which is a local minimum with Æ’(0,0)  =  0. However, it cannot be a global one, because Æ’(4,1)  =  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢11. The global maximum is the point at the top In relation to sets Maxima and minima are more generally defined for sets. In general, if an ordered set S has a greatest element m, m is a maximal element. Furthermore, if S is a subset of an ordered set T and m is the greatest element of S with respect to order induced by T, m is a least upper bound of S in T. The similar result holds for least element, minimal element and greatest lower bound. In the case of a general partial order, the least element (smaller than all other) should not be confused with a minimal element (nothing is smaller). Likewise, a greatest element of a partially ordered set (poset) is an upper bound of the set which is contained within the set, whereas a maximal element m of a poset A is an element of A such that if m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ b (for any b in A) then m = b. Any least element or greatest element of a poset is unique, but a poset can have several minimal or maximal elements. If a poset has more than one maximal element, then these elements will not be mutually comparable. In a totally ordered set, or chain, all elements are mutually comparable, so such a set can have at most one minimal element and at most one maximal element. Then, due to mutual comparability, the minimal element will also be the least element and the maximal element will also be the greatest element. Thus in a totally ordered set we can simply use the terms minimum and maximum. If a chain is finite then it will always have a maximum and a minimum. If a chain is infinite then it need not have a maximum or a minimum. For example, the set of natural numbers has no maximum, though it has a minimum. If an infinite chain S is bounded, then the closure Cl(S) of the set occasionally has a minimum and a maximum, in such case they are called the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the set S, respectively. The diagram below shows part of a function y = f(x). The Point A is a local maximum and the Point B is a local minimum. At each of these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the x-axis so the derivative of the function is zero. Both of these points are therefore stationary points of the function. The term local is used since these points are the maximum and minimum in this particular region. There may be others outside this region. function f(x) is said to have a local maximum at x = a, if $ is a neighbourhood I of a, such that f(a) f(x) for all x I. The number f(a) is called the local maximum of f(x). The point a is called the point of maxima. Note that when a is the point of local maxima, f(x) is increasing for all values of x a in the given interval. At x = a, the function ceases to increase. A function f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if $ is a neighbourhood I of a, such that f(a) f(x) for all x I Here, f(a) is called the local minimum of f(x). The point a is called the point of minima. Note that, when a is a point of local minimum f (x) is decreasing for all x a in the given interval. At x = a, the function ceases to decrease. If f(a) is either a maximum value or a minimum value of f in an interval I, then f is said to have an extreme value in I and the point a is called the extreme point. Monotonic Function maxima and minima A function is said to be monotonic if it is either increasing or decreasing but not both in a given interval. Consider the function The given function is increasing function on R. Therefore it is a monotonic function in [0,1]. It has its minimum value at x = 0 which is equal to f (0) =1, has a maximum value at x = 1, which is equal to f (1) = 4. Here we state a more general result that, Every monotonic function assumes its maximum or minimum values at the end points of its domain of definition. Note that every continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum value. Theorem on First Derivative Test (First Derivative Test) Let f (x) be a real valued differentiable function. Let a be a point on an interval I such that f (a) = 0. (a) a is a local maxima of the function f (x) if i) f (a) = 0 ii) f(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a. That is, f (x) > 0 for x f (x) a (b) a is a point of local minima of the function f (x) if i) f (a) = 0 ii) f(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a. That is, f (x) f (x) > 0 for x > a Working Rule for Finding Extremum Values Using First Derivative Test Let f (x) be the real valued differentiable function. Step 1: Find f (x) Step 2: Solve f (x) = 0 to get the critical values for f (x). Let these values be a, b, c. These are the points of maxima or minima. Arrange these values in ascending order. Step 3: Check the sign of f'(x) in the immediate neighbourhood of each critical value. Step 4: Let us take the critical value x= a. Find the sign of f (x) for values of x slightly less than a and for values slightly greater than a. (i) If the sign of f (x) changes from positive to negative as x increases through a, then f (a) is a local maximum value. (ii) If the sign of f (x) changes from negative to positive as x increases through a, then f (a) is local minimum value. (iii) If the sign of f (x) does not change as x increases through a, then f (a) is neither a local maximum value not a minimum value. In this case x = a is called a point of inflection. Maxima and Minima Example Find the local maxima or local minima, if any, for the following function using first derivative test f (x) = x3 62 + 9x + 15 Solution to Maxima and Minima Example f (x) = x3 62 + 9x + 15 f (x) = 32 -12x + 9 = 3(x2- 4x + 3) = 3 (x 1) (x 3) Thus x = 1 and x = 3 are the only points which could be the points of local maxima or local minima. Let us examine for x=1 When x f (x) = 3 (x 1) (x 3) = (+ ve) (- ve) (- ve) = + ve When x >1 (slightly greater than 1) f (x) = 3 (x -1) (x 3) = (+ ve) (+ ve) (- ve) = ve The sign of f (x) changes from +ve to -ve as x increases through 1. x = 1 is a point of local maxima and f (1) = 13 6 (1)2 + 9 (1) +15 = 1- 6 + 9 + 15 =19 is local maximum value. Similarly, it can be examined that f (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through the point x = 3. x = 3 is a point of minima and the minimum value is f (3) = (3)3- 6 (3)2+ 9(3) + 15 = 15 Theorem on Second Derivative Test Let f be a differentiable function on an interval I and let a I. Let f (a) be continuous at a. Then i) a is a point of local maxima if f (a) = 0 and f (a) ii) a is a point of local minima if f (a) = 0 and f (a) > 0 iii) The test fails if f (a) = 0 and f (a) = 0. In this case we have to go back to the first derivative test to find whether a is a point of maxima, minima or a point of inflexion. Working Rule to Determine the Local Extremum Using Second Derivative Test Step 1 For a differentiable function f (x), find f (x). Equate it to zero. Solve the equation f (x) = 0 to get the Critical values of f (x). Step 2 For a particular Critical value x = a, find f (a) (i) If f (a) (ii) If f (a) > 0 then f (x) has a local minima at x = a and f (a) is the minimum value. (iii) If f (a) = 0 or , the test fails and the first derivative test has to be applied to study the nature of f(a). Example on Local Maxima and Minima Find the local maxima and local minima of the function f (x) = 23 212 +36x 20. Find also the local maximum and local minimum values. Solution: f (x) = 62 42x + 36 f (x) = 0 x = 1 and x = 6 are the critical values f (x) =12x 42 If x =1, f (1) =12 42 = 30 x =1 is a point of local maxima of f (x). Maximum value = 2(1)3 21(1)2 + 36(1) 20 = -3 If x = 6, f (6) = 72 42 = 30 > 0 x = 6 is a point of local minima of f (x) Minimum value = 2(6)3 21 (6)2 + 36 (6)- 20 = -128 Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum Value of a Function Let f (x) be a real valued function with its domain D. (i) f(x) is said to have absolute maximum value at x = a if f(a)  ³ f(x) for all x ÃŽ D. (ii) f(x) is said to have absolute minimum value at x = a if f(a)  £ f(x) for all x ÃŽ D. The following points are to be noted carefully with the help of the diagram. Let y = f (x) be the function defined on (a, b) in the graph. (i) f (x) has local maximum values at x = a1, a3, a5, a7 (ii) f (x) has local minimum values at x = a2, a4, a6, a8 (iii) Note that, between two local maximum values, there is a local minimum value and vice versa. (iv) The absolute maximum value of the function is f(a7)and absolute minimum value is f(a). (v) A local minimum value may be greater than a local maximum value. Clearly local minimum at a6 is greater than the local maximum at a1. Theorem on Absolute Maximum and Minimum Value Let f be a continuous function on an interval I = [a, b]. Then, f has the absolute maximum value and f attains it at least once in I. Also, f has the absolute minimum value and attains it at least once in I. Theorem on Interior point in Maxima and Minima Let f be a differentiable function on I and let x0 be any interior point of I. Then (a) If f attains its absolute maximum value at x0, then f (x0)= 0 (b) If f attains its absolute minimum value at x0, then f (x0) = 0. In view of the above theorems, we state the following rule for finding the absolute maximum or absolute minimum values of a function in a given interval. Step 1: Find all the points where f takes the value zero. Step 2: Take the end points of the interval. Step 3: At all the points calculate the values of f. Step 4: Take the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in step 3. These will be the absolute maximum or absolute minimum values. Real life Problem Solving With Maxima And Minima For a belt drive the power transmitted is a function of the speed of the belt, the law being P(v) = Tv av3 where T is the tension in the belt and a some constant. Find the maximum power if T = 600, a = 2 and v 12. Is the answer different if the maximum speed is 8? Solution First find the critical points. P = 600v 2v3 And so = 600 6v2 This is zero when v =  ±10. Commonsense tells us that v 0, and so we can forget about the critical point at -10. So we have just the one relevant critical point to worry about, the one at x = 10. The two endpoints are v = 0 and v = 12. We dont hold out a lot of hope for v = 0, since this would indicate that the machine was switched off, but we calculate it anyway. Next calculate P for each of these values and see which is the largest. P(0) = 0  ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  P(10) = 6000 2000 = 4000  ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  P(12) = 7200 3456 = 3744 So the maximum occurs at the critical point and is 4000. When the range is reduced so that the maximum value of v is down to 8, neither of the critical points is in range. That being the case, we just have the endpoints to worry about. The maximum this time is P(8) = 4800 1024 = 3776. A box of maximum volume is to be made from a sheet of card measuring 16 inches by 10. It is an open box and the method of construction is to cut a square from each corner and then fold. Solution Let x be the side of the square which is cut from each corner. Then AB = 16 2x, CD = 10 2x and the volume, V, is given by V = (16 2x)(10 2x)x = 4x(8 x)(5 x) And so = 4(x3-132+40x) =4(32-26x+40) The critical points occur when 32 26x + 40 = 0 i.e.  when x =   = The commonsense restrictions are 5 x 0.So the only critical point in range is x = 2. Now calculate V for the critical point and the two endpoints. V(0) = 0  ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  V(2) = 144  ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  V(5) = 0 So the maximum value is 144, occurring when x = 2. Uses of Maxima and Minima in War. Concepts of maxima and minima can be used in war to predict most probably result of any event. It can be very helpful to all soldiers as it help to save time. Maximum damage with minimum armor can be predicted via these functions. It can be helpful in preventive actions for military. It is use dto calculate ammunition numbers, food requests, fuel consumption, parts ordering, and other logical operations. It is also helpful in finding daily expenditure on war.

the most dangerous game Essay -- essays research papers

Richard Connell's "The Most Dangerous Game" is a very exciting story of a manhunt. This story made me think about the morality of hunting: Humans are the cleverest creatures on earth, but does it give them a license to kill the other animals and even human beings weaker than themselves? I give below a short summary of the story to set the scene and then I will explore the ethics involved in hunting as a sport. "The Most Dangerous Game" presents the story of a hunter, General Zaroff, who finds hunting human beings as the most dangerous and fascinating sport. He likes hunting humans because human beings, unlike the other animals, can reason better and so provide a richer thrill for the hunter. He does not think hunting human beings is an immoral act because he believes in the theory of might is right and that the strong have the right to kill the weak. However in the story General Zaroff fails to hunt down Rainsford, who had the ill fortune to accidentally slip overboard a yacht and swim to the shore, seek shelter in the General's chateau in the midst of a jungle, and become General Zaroff's quarry for three days. Nevertheless, Rainsford, who believes it is immoral to hunt human beings, was clever and desperate--he gave General Zaroff the slip in the manhunt and killed the General. So The hunter who craved to pit his wits against the victim's wits for the Sake of excitement met his end. In my opinion Rainsford, who was also a great hunter, learnt ...

Free Song of Solomon Essays: Erotica :: Song Solomon essays

Erotica in Song of Solomon The use of erotica can be seen very clearly in the "Song of Solomon". First of all, one must keep in mind that it comes from the bible so one will not here vulgar things or even words that you know are directly talking about sex. However, if you read closely, you can here the implicit remarks that these young lovers seems to be making, not only about each others body, but also about what each would like to do with the other. The first time that the male of the genre talks about his lover he describes her physical attributes. The most obvious is the description of her breast in which he says, "Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins"(7:3). When you here this statement one can only think that he is referring to her large perky (since she says young) perfectly round breast. When he talks about his lovers thighs, he not only praises them, he describes what the very most upper part of his lovers thighs look like: "the joints of thy thighs are like jewels"(7:1). One can only ask the question of how would this person know about someone's most upper part of their thigh, the part that is right next to the genitalia? This leaves much to the imagination. He also talks about her navel saying, "thy navel is like a round goblet, which wanteth not liquor"(7:2). When trying to interpret this quote, one must first keep in mind the fact that this is taking place during biblical times. During these times it was not proper for people to see, what was then looked at as X-rated parts of one another. Of course the exception to this rule would be if two people were married (or having an affair). So one can ask the question of how would this person know about the size and shape of another person's navel, which is hidden underneath everyday clothes? It seems not only does he know about its size and shape but also how it tastes. Again, the imagination of the reader is allowed to search the options. Not only is there sexual talk about physical appearances, but there is also talk about what will happen when the two of them are together alone. She is at one point looking for him and when she finds him she says that she held him and had him follow her and would not let go, ".

Modern and Traditional Families

Have modern families changed over the past few generations, or have people remained the same in playing each of their own leading gender role responsibilities in modern families? Some statistics show that times have now changed in spite of the man’s perception of women being stay at home mothers to their children. In addition, women can also be the breadwinner in their families rather than the father going to work. In fact, traditional families in contrast with modern families have exponentially changed as time has passed.To better understand the context of this paper I will discuss the differences and similarities between modern and traditional mothers. In my opinion I believe there are three key important responsibilities in a traditional and modern family childcare, education, and healthcare. In addition, there are various things to consider when taking care of child. For example, in the article of â€Å"The Men We Carry in our Minds,† by Russell Sanders, realizes as a young lad that hard working men like his father would have to go to work leaving his mother to stay at home and take care of young Russell.Secondly, in the story Russell talks about men and realizes that men can sometimes be overbearing and view power, competency, efficiency and achievement more importantly (Sanders, R. 1984). To cite another example, in early human history women were frowned upon to tend to their kids because of the high death rate which consequently led mothers to take the task of nurturing their children at home. (Henslin, J. M. 2009). In contrast, there are some moderate differences between modern and traditional mothers in childcare and education.Even though, we live in a modern time there has been a 16% percent increase in traditional mothers still taking care of their children. In addition, studies done in a class group together found that younger parents, as opposed to older parents, were placed in the 73 percent and placing traditional mothers at 86 perc ent. On the other hand, educating a child is equally important so the parents must decide how they will educate their children; in traditional families it is usually the mother who tends to educate the children.For example, one of the parents  may feel more strongly about supervision, discipline, and education to the child, In particular, the same cannot be said about modern parents. In fact, the reason being is because there has been a 13% percent decrease in modern mother taking care of their children because of work related problems. (See Appendix, in Figure 1). Furthermore, healthcare is another major form of responsibility for the mothers. In most households it is usually the mothers that are left behind to fend for their child throughout the first forty days of the baby being born.Moreover, this may sometimes abrupt verbal disputes, misunderstandings, and communication problems about how they want to raise their child. In Addition, one of the parents may feel stronger about the habits and health of the child. (Neuman. F, 2013). In the same way, modern mothers are taking the leading role in taking care of the child’s health. In comparison, between modern and traditional mothers people are still see a declining percentage in modern parents in regards to caregiving and healthcare. So people can conclude that there are some negative changes in modern families even though women still tend to the children.There are two more additional factors in a household that must be decided when it comes to providing for the family. This leads to the second question in the matter of who will work, and who will be in charge of balancing the books as well as paying the bills. Modern and traditional mothers have always had the capability of working, paying bills, and balance check books, but because of the plain definition and meaning of the word â€Å"gender† has some biological adherence, and has resulted in mothers being socially deemed incapable. (Henslin, J. M. 2009) Whereas today, modern mothers are now less likely to be stay at home mothers.In contrast, modern mothers today, rather than traditional, have drastically changed and can now multitask just as well as fathers. For example, mothers today can now pay bills, work, and balance check books without the help of the father. In fact, people are now seeing mothers today playing the role of the breadwinner a lot more. Lastly, families are still seeing traditional and modern mother cleaning and doing most of the household duties around the house. Modern and traditional families are now noticing a slight differential change in mother helping outside of the home.Although, there has been a small change in modern and traditional mother helping their families outside of the home. For instance, cutting the grass, or fixing the fence, and repairing things around the house. As a result, mothers today are more open to the meaning of household duties. In conclusion, to the discussion presente d in this paper people can conclude that traditional mothers in comparison with modern mothers today have a higher percentage rate in childcare, wage earnings, and household duties rather than modern mother.All in all, I truly believe that it is very important for families to have equality in order to have functional family. In addition, I still believe men should strive to do more for their other half’s. In my opinion there has been a greater significant change over the past generations in mothers, Ultimately, it seems that modern families have relatively remained the same, and traditional families have continuously increased over the past generations.

Influences of Social Media on the Youth Essay

Amanda Todd was 15 years old and lived in Vancouver. On October 19 this year she hung herself. Shortly before she did this, she made a YouTube video describing why she would commit this unfortunate act. What made her do this harrowing act? A 15 year-old girl with her whole life in front of her. It was the result of bullying on many social media sites such as Facebook. These sites were originally set up with good intentions to facilitate communication and to keep in touch with friends and family and to share pictures. These sites can also assist students in connecting with their peers and discussing their homework, assignments and group projects. Accessing various forms of social media is a common activity and has been shown to benefit adolescents by enhancing communication. Also, it improves technical skills and keeps people connected to society. Ever since children are born, books, movies and the internet influence how the youth act and think. These influence children more and more as they grow older. During the last 5 years, the number of preadolescents and adolescents using such sites has increased dramatically. Read more: Impact of social media on youth speech essay. According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day, and more than half of adolescents log on to a social media site more than once a day. Thus, a large part of this generation’s social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet. Unfortunately recent research indicates that these sites are now used in a more negative way far outweighing the benefits. Bullying, clique forming and pedophilia are increasingly prevalent on social media sites. Because of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibility to peer pressure, children and adolescents are at some risk as they navigate and experiment with social media. NEGATIVE Social media sites can have a detrimental effect on the youth due to the ever-present risk of bullying. Cyberbullying is when a person or troll deliberately uses digital media to purposely expose, harm or embarrass a particular person. It is the most common online risk for all teens and is a peer-to-peer risk. Cyberbullying is quite common throughout society and it can happen to anybody. It can cause profound psychological damage such as depression and anxiety. Also, there is the economic impact felt by parents as their children are exposed to countless advertisements that pop up on sites urging them to buy unnecessary products. In a child’s perspective, they think they need these certain items to be popular or cool. Worse still, some of these sites can expose children to violence and sexual content and this has been proven to influence children in become more aggressive in their behaviour. Furthermore, children are becoming immune to seeing violence and regard it as acceptable behaviour. They are losing their ability to empathise and to know what is right or wrong. This has huge implications for society, relationships and families. Lastly, it is known that students that are on social media sites while studying show reduced academic performances because their ability to concentrate on a particular task is reduced by the distractions that are brought about by Facebook, YouTube or Twitter. The popularity of social media, and the speed at which information is published, has created a lax attitude towards proper spelling and grammar. This affects a student’s ability to write and spell effectively. In conclusion, the use of social media websites is detrimental to the education of the youth and also their mental well-being. As you can see from this brief overview of Facebook and other social media sites, the negative impacts far outweighs the initial benefits for which they were established. We’ve looked at cyberbullying and resulting suicides, the exploitative marketing, the exposure of violence and a breakdown in societal values and morality due to the effects of social media sites. Do you think these social media sites are worth all of these potential hazards? I think not. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dunn , J n.d., The 10 Best and Worst Ways Social Media Impacts Education, , accessed 11 November 2012, . DIaz, Y n.d., Anit-Social Networking, , accessed 11 November 2012,

Marketing Management Case Analysis Essay

Marketing Management Case Analysis Subway ® Sandwich Shops Abstract Subway ® Sandwich Shops was founded in 1965, and has been franchised into the hearts and stomachs of families all around the world. This highly successful sandwich shop was the dream of high-school graduate Fred DeLuca. Premium1113 Words5 Pages Benefits of Strategic Management â€Å"Research has revealed that organisations that engage in strategic management generally out-perform those that do not† The connotation of the ancient Greek word â€Å"strategos†, in its various grammatical forms, implies meaning of skilful manoeuvouring leading to achieving a highly crucial position o Premium2985 Words12 Pages Strategic Management and Policy Case Study of Harley-Davidson Inc Strategic Management and Policy Case Study of Harley-Davidson, Inc. August 19, 2006 Introduction In 1903, a legendary motorcycle company was formed when William S. 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At that time they called it S Premium1171 Words5 Pages Taking Side Case Analysis Starbucks Taking Sides: Starbucks Case Analysis Today, when people say â€Å"Wake up and smell the coffee† they are not talking about home made coffee. They are actually talking Starbucks, the world’s #1 specialty coffee retailer, because it is located everywhere. Starbucks was founded by Howard Schultz in 1985 Premium1094 Words5 Pages Global Strategic Management Global Strategic Management Gwendolyn Yaple MGT485-0601A-02-IP Unit 1 Dr. Jack Aschkenazi January 7, 2006 The most important problem facing the Wallace Group is the micromanagement of the organizations by the CEO Harold Wallace (Wheelen and Hunger 2006 p. 2-1-2-10.) The Wallace Group Premium672 Words3 Pages By Comparison with the Other Factors, Evaluate How Important Stakeholders Are in Strategic Management. 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Is it a good mission statement? 2.What is the essential company background information? 3.What environmental forces a Premium1008 Words5 Pages Strategic Management and Planning Strategic Planning and Management Development Throughout the business industry the people who are most associated with the business process has found strategic planning and management development â€Å"requires constant shifting back and forth between long-run and short-run thinking† (Dess and Miller, Premium3174 Words13 Pages Strategic Management and Business Policy Read â€Å"The Wallace Group,†Case 2 in your text (pages2-1 through 2-10, Appendix 15a) After review, write a 2 to 3 page response to the following question: 1.What is the most important problem facing the Wallace Group? 2.What recommendation(s) would you make to Mr. Wallace, and in what order of prior Premium1342 Words6 Pages

Critical Infrastructure Security and Policy Essay

Critical Infrastructure Security and Policy - Essay Example It certainly has grabbed the USA government attentions onto it and made them obliged to take some instantly grave actions in order to prevent the impact of resulting turmoil. CFR's latest  Preventive Priorities Survey  (PPS) lists insecurity in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, an Iranian nuclear disaster, and an amplification of the European sovereign debt crisis among the most important international unforeseen event relative to U.S. national interests that has ultimately shaped as a frightening threat to the USA. Let us examine carefully all the threats that have been experienced by the USA and see the reason behind every threat (Chertoff, 2009). The outburst of Cyber Attacks Countries that attack the United States China Russia There are two countries in particular that have recently advanced their cyber attacks on the United States because of their new revival into the global economy, China and Russia. The United States had publicly accused both China and Russia of recent attacks th at the United States had experienced. This recent attack from China exposed that China was aiming 48 different defense corporations from the United States, United Kingdom, and Bangladesh (Kim, 2011). This has been an enduring theme from China, who is trying to achieve information and blueprints from countries that have better more advanced technology than they do themselves. While Russia doesn’t attack the United States as repeatedly as China does, simply because Russia doesn’t have the hackers available to attack a defense shield as the United States has, they are getting an abundance of practice on the former countries part of the Soviet Union (energy. Gov, 2012). Along with different countries that use cyber attacks to target the United States there are also terror groups that are starting to use cyber attacks and also other groups seeking to chop into government systems to gather information. It is predictable that with the physical defense of countries growing esp ecially the United States, that terrorists which rely on cyber terror attacks on the United States rather than physical attacks because it is now much convenient and effective to shake the United States dominance via cyber attacks. Threats to control systems can come from various resources, including antagonistic governments, terrorist groups, annoyed employees, and malicious burglars. To guard against these threats, it is essential to construct a secure cyber-barrier around the Industrial Control System (ICS). Now the USA digital infrastructure is vulnerable. Yet the Department of Defense can’t do everything on its own. Corporations that don’t shield themselves are putting both their bottom lines and national security at threat. Yes, cyber security standards are an imperfect response to a weird and dangerous new kingdom of conflict. At the moment, though, they’re the only thing eminence between us and the abyss (Johsen, 2011). Al Qaeda threatens to USA The fact that a catastrophic attack against America equivalent to 9/11 has not occurred over the past 11 years should not recommend that a future one is not being designed. In summer 2006, al Qaeda-linked functioning in London schemed to explode liquid explosives on board 10 transatlantic airliners flying from the UK to America and Canada. In September 2009, Najibullah Zazi and his acquaintances were detained for plotting to carry out a suicide

Effects of mobile phone use on health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of mobile phone use on health - Essay Example This paper â€Å"Effects of mobile phone use on health† investigates the fast expansion in mobile technologies, ICT in education, and robotics invention. Computers play significant role in the development of digital technologies and are imposed to fast change and growth in the domain of communicating and information delivery. Developmental issues in the area of computing can be viewed from different points. Current report emphasises the relation of recently appeared mobile technology and human health. The report is important to consider due to human concern of health issues as well as governmental regard to the increased cancer cases and its possible outcome of mobile use. The report is structured in the following way: two groups of people are chosen to participate; with the help of independent experts, groups from recommendations and minister for public health research covers current issues in the development of mobile connection and its impact on cancer. The paper further de scribes the work of every group and how it helped to realize research. The first groups was used to get statistical information on the use of mobile phones and helps to indicate the expected growth of the indicator for the following periods. The group also looked at the specific technology used and mobile phone operators, as well as the advantages that mobile phones bring with them. The first group also helped to define radiofrequency radiation usage, electromagnetic compatibility, fields from mobile phone systems.... They also wanted to find out whether the side of the head at which the phone was held made any difference or whether the area in which the phone was being used was linked in any way to glioma. From the discussion and conclusion part of the paper it is needed to make an outline that there were two reports received by the results of the first and the second group study. The first report is a general overview of the mobile phone usage while the the second report is focused entirely on finding a link between mobile phones and a specific type of brain tumour. In the end, although there is no definite evidence or proof that mobile phones effect human health, both groups are correct in my view of the "precautionary approach"(Stewart et al 2000), limiting calls were possible especially amongst children. Robotics Present report presents an investigation on the invention of robots and their ability to think. The paper consists of abstract, introduction, discussion and conclusion. First, the author introduces the concept of robotics and demonstrates research group that were used for the reflection of data in the paper, then the discussion of two working groups is provided, finally the general overview of the future of robots and concluding remarks are given. The first research presented in report is called Flocking Seven Dwarf Robots. The group carried out this research in order to find out about a robots ability to learn from another one and to ultimately define their ability to work in a team. The second research group refers to A Tale of Two Filters - Online Novelty Detection. This research that was carried out was all about detecting unexpected features within an environment. The group wanted to use robots and learning